For clarity, the listings for Science, Bioethics/Medical Ethics/Law, Organizations and Institutions, Philosophy and Theology, and Church Teachings will be separate. Note that the symbol * denotes those individuals and organizations who specifically use the erroneous scientific term pre-embryo, or any of its various "substitutes", as "scientific" justification for a multitude of inherently unethical actions. The use of this erroneous science automatically renders any conclusions (scientific, philosophical, theological, public policy, etc.) based on it as invalid.
Beverly W. Baron, Dennis W. Shermeta, Mahmoud A. Ismail, et al., "Unique Anomalies in Cephalothoracopagus Janiceps Conjoined Twins With Implications for Multiple Mechanisms in Abnormal Embryogenesis," Teratology 41, no. 1 (January 1990): 9-22.
J.D. Biggers, "Arbitrary Partitions of Prenatal Life," Human Reproduction 5, no. 1 (1990): 1-6, available from http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/1 (accessed February 4, 2008).
Erich Blechschmidt, Der Menschliche Embryo (Stuttgart, Germany 1963).
Erich Blechschmidt, Die Pränatalen Organsysteme des Menschen (Stuttgart, Germany 1973).
Erich Blechschmidt, "Zur Personalität des Menschen," Internationale Katholische Zeitschrift 11, no.22 (1982): 171-181.
Peter R. Brinsden, "Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technology: The UK Experience," in Peter R. Brinsden, ed., A Textbook of in vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproduction, 2nd ed. (New York 1999): 415-446.
M.G. Bulmer, The Biology of Twinning in Man (Oxford 1970).
Bruce M. Carlson, Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, 2nd ed. (St. Louis 1999).
Kyung H. Chang, Jeong M. Lim, Sung K. Kang, et al., "An Optimized Protocol of a Human-to-Cattle Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer," Fertility and Sterility 82, no. 4 (October 2004): 960-962, available from http://www.fertstert.org/article/PIIS0015028204012919/abstract (accessed February 5, 2008).
G.W. Corner, "The Observed Embryology of Human Single-Ovum Twins and Other Multiple Births," American Journal of Obstetrics and. Gynecology 70, no. 5 (1955): 933-951.
Gavin de Beer, Embryos and Ancestors, 3rd ed. (Oxford 1958).
David Cyrannoski, "Things to know before jumping on the iPS bandwagon", Nature 452, no. 27 (March 2008):406-408, available from http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080326/full/452406a.html.
Hans-Werner Denker, "Totipotency/Pluripotency and Patentability," Stem Cells 26, no. 6 (June 2008):1656-1657, available from http://stemcells.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/26/6/1656.
*R.G. Edwards, J. Crow, S. Dale, M.C. Macnamee, et al., "Pronuclear, Cleavage and Blastocyst Histories in the Attempted Preimplantation Diagnosis of the Human Hydatidiform Mole," Human Reproduction 7, no. 7, (1992): 994-998, available from http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/7/7/994 (accessed February 5, 2008).
Alan E.H. Emery, Elements of Medical Genetics, 6th ed. (New York 1983).
M.J. Escribá, D. Valbuena, J. Remohí, et al., "New Techniques on Embryo Manipulation," American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 55, no 1 (May-June 2002): 149-161, available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12062830 (accessed February 5, 2008).
Raymond Gasser, "Stage One," in Virtual Human Embryo, by Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (New Orleans, 2003), available from http://virtualhumanembryo.lsuhsc.edu/demos/Stage1/Intro_pg/Intro.htm (accessed February 5, 2008).
J.P. Geraedts, G.M. de Wert, "Cloning: Applications in Humans 1: Technical Aspects," Nederlands tijdschrift voor tandheelkunde 108, no. 4 (April 2001): 145-150, available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11383357 (accessed February 5, 2008).
J.W. Gordon and F.H. Ruddle, "Integration and Stable Germ Line Transmission of Genes Injected Into Mouse Pronuclei," Science 214, no. 4526 (December 11, 1981): 1244-1246.
*Clifford Grobstein, "The Early Development of Human Embryos," Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 10, (1985): 213-236.
*Clifford Grobstein, Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures (New York 1988), 33.
J. Hao, J. Pareja, N. Zaninovic, "P-1022: Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cells From Individual 2-Cell Mouse Embryos: Model for Blastomere Totipotency and Embryo Splitting," Fertility and Sterility 86, no. 3 (September 2006): S513.
Wilhelm His, Anatomie Menschlicher Embryonen: I. Embroyonen des Ersten Monats (Leipzig, Germany 1880).
H. Holtzer, J. Biekl, and B. Holtzer. "Induction-Dependent and Lineage-Dependent Models for Cell-Diversification Are Mutually Exclusive," Progress in Clinical Biological Research 175, (1985): 3-11.
Robert Hutton, "U.K. Approves Human Hybrids for Stem Cell Research," Bloomberg.com (September 5, 2007), available from http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=a0mbP92YIfAc&refer=europe (accessed February 5, 2008).
Karl Illmensee, Khalied Kaskar, and Panayiotis M. Zavos, "in vitro Blastocyst Development From Serially Split Mouse Embryos and Future Implications for Human Assisted Reproductive Technologies," Fertility and Sterility, 86, no. 4 (September 7, 2006a): 1112-1120, available from http://www.fertstert.org/article/PIIS0015028206010776/abstract (accessed February 5, 2008).
Karl Illmensee, Mike Levanduski, and Panayiotis M. Zavos, "Evaluation of the Embryonic Preimplantation Potential of Human Adult Somatic Cells Via an Embryo Interspecies Bioassay Using Bovine Oocytes," Fertility and Sterility 85 (April 2006b): 1248-1260, available from http://www.fertstert.org/article/PIIS0015028205042032/abstract (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving (a), "'New Age' Embryology Text Books: 'Pre-Embryo,''Pregnancy' and Abortion Counseling; Implications for Fetal Research," The Linacre Quarterly 61, no. 2 (May 1994a): 42-62, PubMed ID: 11652337, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_50newagetextbook1.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving (b), "Testimony Before the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel," The Linacre Quarterly 61, no. 4 (November 1994b): 82-89, PubMed ID: 11652834, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_32individualtestimony.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving, "The Immediate Product of Human Cloning is a Human Being: Claims to the Contrary are Scientifically Wrong," Scientific Panel on "Cloning: Legal, Medical, Ethical, and Social Issues," Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the Committee on Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, (February 12, 1998), also in The Linacre Quarterly 66, no. 2 (May 1999): 26-40, available from http://www.uffl.org/irving/irvhouse.htm (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving, "When Does a Human Being [Normally] Begin? 'Scientific' Myths and Scientific Facts," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 19, no. 3/4 (February 1999): 22-47, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_01lifebegin1.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving, "NIH and Human Embryo Research Revisited: What is Wrong With This Picture?" The Linacre Quarterly 67, no. 2 (May 2000): 8-22, PubMed ID: 11817406, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_31nih_and_her1.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving, "What Human Embryo? Funniest Mental Gymnastics from Medicine and Research" (October 14, 2004), 1-31, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_82whathumanembryo1.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving, "Framing the Debates on Human Cloning and Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Pluripotent vs. Totipotent" (July 23, 2005), 1-36, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_100debatecloning1.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving (a), "The Carnegie Stages of Early Human Embryonic Development: Chart of all 23 Stages, and Detailed Descriptions of Carnegie Stages 1 - 6" (April 22, 2006a), 1-33, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_123carnegiestages2.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving (b), "If Snuppy is Cloned by 'Nuclear Transfer', Then There Must Be No 'Virtual Genetic Identity'" (January 7, 2006b), 1-3, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_114snuppy.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
Dianne N. Irving (a), "Ethical and Scientific Concerns About Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research -- Yamanaka and Thomson" (June 1, 2008a), pp. 1-1-4, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_127concerns.html.
Dianne N. Irving (b), "So You Think That 'Reproductive Cloning' Isn't Done Yet? Guess Again" (July 18, 2008b), pp. 1-10, available from http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_130reproductivecloning.html.
Y. Katagiri, T. Takeuchi, Q.V. Neri, et al., "Imprinted Gene Expression in Cloned Blastocysts," Fertility and Sterility 82 (September 2004): S10.
Yoko Kato, W.M. Rideout, K. Hilton, et al., "Developmental Potential of Mouse Primordial Germ Cells," Development 126, no. 9 (January 5, 1999): 1823-1832.
C. Ward Kischer and Dianne N. Irving, The Human Development Hoax: Time To Tell The Truth!, 2nd ed. (Clinton Township, Mich. 1997), esp. 4-13, 129-184, 224-247, 248-257, 267-282.
G. Kollias, J. Hurst, E. deBoer, et al., "The Human Beta-Globulin Gene Contains a Downstream Developmental Specific Enhancer," Nucleic Acids Research 15, no. 14 (July 1987): 5739-5747.
William J. Larsen, Essentials of Human Embryology (New York 1998).
Jacob Levron, Santiago Munne, Steen Willadsen, et al., "Male and Female Genomes Associated in a Single Pronucleus in Human Zygotes," Biology of Reproduction 52, (1995): 653-657, available from PubMed #7756458.
Benjamin Lewin, Genes III (New York 1983).
A. Liu, "Human Embryo Cloning Prohibited in Hong Kong," Journal of Assisted Reproductive Genetics 22, no. 11-12 (December 2005): 369-378, available from PubMed #16331533.
H.C.C. Liu, Z.Y. He, and Z. Rosenwaks, "Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation Did Not Compromise Its Potential to Produce Competent Oocytes for Nuclear Transfer," Fertility and Sterility 82 (September 2004): S308.
H. Liu, Z. He, W. Wang, et al., "Demiembryo Viability Can Be Improved by Symmetric Embryo Splitting," Fertility and Sterility 84 (September 2005a): S368.
H. Liu, Z. He, W. Wang, and Z. Rosenwaks, "Strategies for Monozygotic Twinning by Embryo Splitting," Fertility and Sterility 84 (September 2005b): S370.
W. Patrick Luckett, "Origin and Differentiation of the Yolk Sac and Extraembryonic Mesoderm in Presomite Human and Rhesus Monkey Embryos," American Journal of Anatomy.152, no. 1 (1978): 59-97.
*Anne McLaren, "Why Study Early Human Development?", New Scientist 1986, 24:49.
*Anne McLaren, "Where to Draw the Line?", Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Great Britain 1984, 56:101-120; note that McLaren's suggestion of the use of the false scientific term "pre-embryo" was subsequently adopted by the British Warnock Report, and used since then as their "scientific" justification for various sorts of human embryo research.
H.W. Michelmann, A. Bonhoff and L. Mettler, "Chromosome Analysis in Polyploid Human Embryos," Human Reproduction 1, no. 4, (1986): 243-246, available from PubMed # 3558764.
*Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health, 7th ed. (Philadelphia, Penn. 2003), p. 406; Erroneously defines "conception" as "the onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst".
*Keith Moore and *T.V.N. Persaud, The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed. and later only) (Philadelphia, Penn. 1998) Note: The 5th ed. of this text was admitted by authors to have serious systematic scientific errors, including extensive use of the term pre-embryo; see Irving 1994a. Moore continues, however, to use the Islamic term "nuthah" as a "pre-embryo substitute" in another of his human embryology textbooks, with co-author Azzindani, Abdul Majeed A., The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology with ISLAMIC ADDITIONS [emphasis in original], 3rd Ed., Dar Al-Qiblah and W.B. Saunders. [This textbook is still available on-line at: http://www.onlineislamicstore.com/b6147.html (accessed September 15, 2008). Also see Moore's suggestion to replace the Carnegie Stages: "…it is proposed that a new system of classification could be developed using the terms mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah ...," in "This is the Truth," pp. 10-11; see video, "The Video Clips of the Scientists' Comments on the Quran; Professor Keith L. Moore, Comment 2," available from http://www.islam-guide.com/truth.htm (accessed February 5, 2008); quoted in "The Quran on Human Embryonic Development," available from http://www.islam-guide.com/frm-ch1-1-a.htm. For some trenchant rebuttals of this specific "modern embryology", see: Dr. Yusuf Needham and Dr. Butrus Needbeer, "Qur'anic Embryology", at: http://www.geocities.com/freethoughtmecca/embryo.html; also, "The Qur'an and Modern Science: Extracts from the video 'The Truth', http://www.islam101.com/science/quran_sc_tv.html; also, at http://www.scotland.com/forums/showthread.php3?threadid=18165.
Harland W. Mossman, "Comparative Morphogenesis of the Fetal Membranes and Accessory Uterine Structures," Contribution to Embryology 26, (1937): 129-246.
National Museum of Health and Medicine: The Carnegie Collection of Embryology, Human Developmental Anatomy, available from http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/collections/hdac/anatomy.htm, http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/collections/hdac/Stages_Table.htm, and http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/collections/hdac/Select_Stage_and_Lab_Manual.htm (accessed February 5, 2008).
Q.V. Neri et al., "Genomic Expressions in the Cloned Blastocyst," Fertility and Sterility 82 (September 2004): S281.
Q.V. Neri et al., "Devising a Method to Reprogram Somatic Nuclei for Nuclear Transplantation Procedures," Fertility and Sterility 84 (September 2005): S400-401.
Q.V. Neri et al., "Gene Expression in ESCs Derived from Cloned Blastocytes," Fertility and Sterility 84 (September 2005): S384.
Ronan O'Rahilly, "Part A: Embryos of the First Three Weeks: Stages 1 to 9," in Developmental Stages in Human Embryos, including a survey of the Carnegie Collection (Washington, D.C. 1973).
Ronan O'Rahilly and Fabiola Müller, Human Embryology & Teratology (New York 1994).
Ronan O'Rahilly and Fabiola Müller, Developmental Stages in Human Embryos: Including a Revision of Streeter's "Horizons" and a Survey of the Carnegie Collection (Washington, D.C. 1987).
Ronan O'Rahilly and Fabiola Müller, Human Embryology & Teratology (New York 2001).
*Pia Saldeen and Per Sundström, "Nuclear Status of Four-Cell Preembryos Predicts Implantation Potential in In Vitro Fertilization Treatment Cycles," Fertility and Sterility 84, no. 3 (September 2005): 584-589, available from http://www.fertstert.org/article/PIIS0015028205010952/abstract (accessed February 5, 2008).
A.H. Sathananthan, I. Kola, J. Osborne, et al., "Centrioles in the Beginning of Human Development," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88, no. 11 (June 1, 1991): 4806-4810.
Laura A. Schieve, Sonja A. Rasmussen, Germaine M. Buck, et al., "Are Children Born after Assisted Reproductive Technology at Increased Risk for Adverse Health Outcomes?" Obstetrics and Gynecology 103, no. 6, (June 2004): 1154-1163, available from PubMed #15172847.
Lee Silver, Remaking Ede: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World (Avon Books 1997), p. 107.
*Richard Sloane, Sloane-Dorland Annotated Medical-Legal Dictionary, 1992 Supplement (St. Paul 1992), p. 131; Erroneously defines "conception" as "the onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst."
Tom Strachan and Andrew P. Read, Human Molecular Genetics, 2nd ed. (New York 1999).
G.L. Streeter, "Developmental Horizons in Human Embryos: Description of Age Group XI, 13 to 20 Somites, and Age Group XII, 21 to 29 Somites," Contributions in Embryology 30, (1942): 211-245.
G.L. Streeter, "Developmental Horizons in Human Embryos: Description of Age Group XIII, Embryos of 4 or 5 Millimeters Long, and Age Group XIV, Period of Identification of the Lens Vesicle," Contributions in Embryology Carnegie Institute 31, (1945): 27-63.
G.L. Streeter, "Developmental Horizons in Human Embryos: Description of Age Groups XV, XVI, XVII, and XVIII," Contributions in Embryology Carnegie Institute 32, (1948): 133-203.
G.L. Streeter, "Developmental Horizons in Human Embryos: Description of Age Groups XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, and XXIII," prepared for publication by C.H. Heuser, and G.W. Corner, Contributions in Embryology (1951): 165.
J. Tesarik, F. Martinez, L. Rienzi, et al., "Microfilament Disruption Is Required for Enucleation and Nuclear Transfer in Germinal Vesicle But Not Metaphase II Human Oocytes," Fertility and Sterility 79, Supplement 1 (March 2003): 677-681, available from PubMed # 12620476.
University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science, Department of Medicine, Unit on Anatomy, Fribourg, Switzerland, Swiss Virtual Campus, "Human Embryology," available from http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/iperiodembry/planmodperiod.html (accessed February 5, 2008).
*M.C. Valiotis, *O. Lacham-Kaplan and *A.O. Trounson, "Pronuclei Formation and Embryo Cleavage Following Electrofusion of Round Spermatids with Oocytes from the Mouse," Proceedings of the Australian Society for Reproductive Biology 25, (1993): 48.
*Dr. Harold Varmus, Director of the National Institutes of Health, Congressional Testimony Before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (January 26,1999), available from http://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/statements/statement.asp (accessed February 5, 2008).
*John Walton, *Paul B. Beeson, *Ronald Bodley, eds. Oxford Companion to Medicine (Oxford 1986), p. 254; Erroneously defines "conception" as "the fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon and the implanting of the resulting zygote."
*Irving Weissman, *J.M. McCune, *B. R. Namikawa, *L.D. Shultz, et al., "The SCID-hu Mouse: Murine Model for the Analysis of Human Hematolymphoid Differentiation and Function," Science 241, no. 4873 (1988): 1632-1639.
*Irving Weissman, "A Message from the Director of the Institute of Cancer/Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Stanford," The Stanford Report (January 22, 2003), available from http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2003/january22/message.html (accessed April 3, 2008).
*Irving Weissman, "Understanding the Institute of Cancer/Stem Cell Biology and Medicine," in The Stanford Report (Jan. 22, 2003), available from http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2003/january22/weissman.html (accessed April1, 2008).
*Irving Weissman, in "The Other Stem-Cell Debate," by Jamie Shreeve, The New York Times (April 10, 2005), available from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/magazine/10CHIMERA.html?ex=1189224000&en=b4019cb924a8ac0b&ei=5070 (accessed February 5, 2008).
*Michael D. West, as quoted by Stuart Derbyshire in, "Stop Stemming the Research," (November 29, 2001), available from http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/845/ (accessed February 5, 2008).
*Michael D. West, President & CEO, Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., (*Ronald Green, Chair of Ethics Committee) definition of "blastocyst" as a "pre-embryo" and "ball of cells" (Sept. 2007), available from http://www.advancedcell.com/glossary/ (accessed February 5, 2008).
Harris Hawthorne Wilder, "Duplicate Twins and Double Monsters," 1904, American Journal of Anatomy 3: 387-472.
Ian Wilmut, A.E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, et al., "Viable Offspring Derived From Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells," Nature 385, (February 27, 1997): 810-813; also in Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 7, (Spring 1988): 138.
Kai C. Wollert and Helmut Drexler, "Clinical Applications of Stem Cells for the Heart," Circulation Research 96 (2005):151, available from http://circres.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/2/151-163; also available from http://www.avmbiotech.com/Assets/Wollert&DrexlerClinicalApplicationsofStemCells.pdf.; also available from http://www.cogforlife.org.
*N. Zaninovic, * R. Bodine, * R.G. Gosden, et al., "The Secret Lives of Human Preembryos: From Fertilization to Hatched Blastocyst," Fertility and Sterility 84, (September 2005): S476.
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